Most laws start as a bill drafted by a ministry, though members can also bring private members' bills. Whatever its origin, every bill follows the same broad path.
- Introduction (first reading). The bill is formally introduced and published, so members and the public can read it.
- Committee stage. Many bills are sent to a committee of members, which invites comments from experts and citizens and may suggest changes.
- Second reading. The house debates the bill clause by clause and votes on amendments.
- Third reading. The house votes on the bill as a whole.
- The other house. The same process repeats in the second house. If it makes changes, the bill goes back to the first house.
- Assent. Once both houses agree on the same text, the bill receives formal assent and becomes an Act.
Where can citizens take part?
The committee stage is the main window. Committees often publish a notice asking for written suggestions within a few weeks. Short, specific comments that point to a clause and propose a change are the most useful.
Frequently asked questions
What is a money bill?
A bill that deals only with taxes, borrowing or spending from the government's accounts. It follows special rules, and the second house has limited power to change it.
Can a bill lapse?
Yes. Depending on where it is pending, a bill can lapse when the house is dissolved and must then be introduced again.
How long does the process take?
Anything from a few days to several years, depending on how contested the bill is and whether it goes to a committee.
Over the coming weeks, our national desk will follow two bills through committee and explain each change in plain language.
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